[To the online textbook Psychology: An Introduction (2017) by Russ Dewey]
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Revised 11/23/2016. Welcome to the self-quiz on the Human Nervous System. These questions accompany Chapter 13(Therapies) of the online textbook Psychology: An Introduction). They are general enough to be useful for students using other textbooks as well.
Read the question and click on an answer. You will jump to a correction or (if the answer is correct) a confirmation.
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[The remainder of the page is not meant to be read sequentially; it consists of answers and explanations separated by stretches of nothing. You will jump back and forth to these as you click on possible answers of the questions.]
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a warm, supportive relationship between therapist and client
No, that would be emphasized more by a typical nondirective or Rogerian counselor, although all therapists would probably agree that a good therapist/client relationship is desirable.
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inner speech
No; therapies that emphasize modification of inner speech include Ellis's RET therapy or Beck's therapy for depression, or other cognitive behavior therapies, but not typically the psychodynamic therapies.
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correcting irrational thoughts
No that would be more typical of Ellis's or Beck's therapies.
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analyzing problems as CERs
No, it is behaviorists such as Eysenck who usually analyze problems in terms of conditioning, such as conditional emotional responses (CERs).
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events from the individual's past
Yes...this is a hallmark of "depth" or psychodynamic therapies.
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experience abreaction
No, abreaction is a powerful emotional reaction (basically the same as "catharsis") and this would not typically be triggered by free association.
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mingle in a group
No, free association does not mean that people freely associate...at least, not in this context.
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respond quickly with the first thing that comes to mind
Yes; that is the essence of the free association technique. The therapist calls out words and the client responds quickly and freely without censorship.
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relate dream objects to emotional themes
No, that is not free association.
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are encouraged to "become a person"
No, that is a phrase from Rogers, who did not use free association as a technique.
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they were "a language plain as day"
No, actually Freud felt that meanings were often obscure and hidden, in dreams.
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they were "mysteriously meaningful" only to the dreamer
No, it was Jung who said "the dreamer must interpret the dream" (and did not practice what he preached in this regard, anyway). Freud, like Jung, usually decided he knew what the dreamer's dream really meant.
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they reflected deep, ancestral themes from the collective unconscious
No, that would be Jung. The "collective unconscious" is one of Jung's most distinctive concepts.
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they reflected superiority or inferiority themes
No, that would be Adler. Adler was the one who emphasized feelings of inferiority and strivings for superiority.
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they generally represented something related to sex
Yes; as he made clear in his Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Freud saw sexual symbolism everywhere, even in common objects such as pens and purses.
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does not put enough emphasis on sex
No, psychoanalysis puts a lot of emphasis on sex.
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can be harmful by tolerating or encouraging transference
Yes; transference is a tendency by the client to treat a therapist like an "important other" such as a husband or wife. Freud thought this could be useful in therapy and did not discourage it. Others regard transference as a dangerous complication of therapy which can create new problems for the client.
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is good mostly for treating phobias
No, desensitization (not psychoanalysis) is the treatment of choice, for phobias.
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is too quick to be effective
No, psychoanalysis tends to be very time-consuming. It can take years.
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is too scientific and impersonal
No, scientifically inclined psychologists tend to be skeptical of Freud's theory, and psychoanalysis is not usually impersonal; the therapist establishes a close relationship to the client.
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nobody is ever "cured"
No, Rogers never said that. Rogers believed in the possibility of healthy change for every client.
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the whole concept of "problems" was wrong
No, Rogers would accept the client's perspective, even if it included the perception that life was full of problems.
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there was, at root, only one problem: "Who am I, really?"
Yes; in a famous statement, Rogers said all the different problems seen by a counseling psychologist boil down to this one problem: figuring out the "true self" and what is really best to do with one's life.
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it all boils down to negative self-talk
No, Ellis and Beck and other cognitive behavior therapists emphasize self-talk, not Rogers.
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there were more solutions than problems
No, Rogers never said this, and Rogers promoted mostly a single solution: increased self-knowledge and healthy growth directed by the client rather than the therapist.
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an "emotional truth"
No, "a cause of emotional upset" would be closer to what Ellis says.
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repressed
No, Ellis did not put much stock in the idea of recovering repressed memories.
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indisputable
No, to the contrary, Ellis's whole therapy involved "disputing" irrational ideas.
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unrealistic or untrue
Yes...this was what Ellis called "irrational."
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a "window to the unconscious"
No, Ellis did not go looking for unconscious thoughts or motives. That is more typical of "depth" or "analytic" therapies.
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a diagram showing control relationships between various emotions
No, it is not a diagram...
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a collection of typical phobic stimuli such as spiders and snakes
No, the stimuli were of the particular type feared by the client, not just "typical phobic stimuli."
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a relaxation procedure
No, relaxation is a part of the classic desensitization procedure but not the "fear hierarchy" part.
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an "in vivo" form of the therapy
No, in vivo (real life) forms of desensitization therapy are quite effective, but this was not part of Wolpe's classic procedure.
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a list of increasingly fearsome experiences
Yes. The phrase "fear hierarchy" was put in quotes because the list is not really hierarchical in the usual sense (forming a pyramid-shaped diagram of relationships). The fear hierarchy is simply a list of feared items in order, from least fearsome to most fearsome.
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the client knows he or she must "check in" with the therapist at regular intervals
No, self-monitoring is done by the client, not the therapist.
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the video camera does not lie
No, self-monitoring need not involve a video camera.
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individuals must pay attention to, and record, each occurrence of a behavior
Yes...when an individual must record each instance of lighting a cigarette, or each calorie of food consumed, this tends to increase awareness of the behavior, and often that modifies the frequency of behavior all by itself.
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people have to keep waking up during the night
No, self-monitoring does not require interrupting sleep; it typically involves behaviors which occur when people are awake.
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the client cannot leave a certain circumscribed area
No, self-monitoring does not require confining anybody.
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vagueness
No, some people feel the label sounds vague or uncommitted, but this is not what "eclectic" means.
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adherence to a specific "school" of therapy
No, just the opposite...eclecticism means lack of adherence to a particular school of therapy.
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a form of "shock therapy"
No, the work is "eclectic," not "electric."
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using techniques from many different sources
Yes; a person who is eclectic draws from many different sources, or uses many different techniques.
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criticism of a theory or therapy
No, electicism has nothing to do with criticism.
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effects of relaxation
No, relaxation is an important part of therapies like desensitization, but it is not a special focus of recent research.
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psychoanalysis
No, psychoanalysis is an old technique and not a particular focus of recent research.
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events of later childhood
No, psychotherapy researchers as a group are not focusing on late childhood.
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smaller components of therapy instead of overall improvement
Yes; researchers have not discovered much from "global outcome" studies, because all therapist have similar success rates as measured by "overall improvement." Now researchers are more likely to examine some part of the process, to try to figure out how a particular therapy works.
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reinforcement and punishment effects
No, that has been studied for many years so it would not be a recent trend.
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